Supercomputers Supercomputer的定义: ·对于给定任务而言世界上最快的机器 ·任何造价超过3千万美元的机器 ·计算能力达到每秒万亿次的机器 由 Seymour cray设计的机器 CDC600(ca,1964)被认为是第 台超级计算机 2021/2/1 计算机体系结构
Supercomputers •Supercomputer的定义: •对于给定任务而言世界上最快的机器 •任何造价超过3千万美元的机器 •计算能力达到每秒万亿次的机器 •由Seymour Cray设计的机器 •CDC6600 (Cray, 1964) 被认为是第一 台超级计算机 2021/2/1 计算机体系结构 7
CDC 6600 Seymour Cray, 1963 a fast pipelined machine with 60-bit words 128 Kword main memory capacity 32 banks Ten functional units(parallel, unpipelined) Floating Point: adder, 2 multipliers, divider Integer: adder, 2 incrementer, Hardwired control (no microcoding Scoreboard for dynamic scheduling of instructions Ten Peripheral Processors for Input/ Output a fast multi-threaded 12-bit integer alu Very fast clock 10 MHz (fP add in 4 clocks) >400,000 transistors, 750 sq ft, 5 tons, 150 kW, novel freon-based technology for cooling Fastest machine in world for 5 years(until 7600) over 100 sold($7-10M each 计算机体系结构
CDC 6600 Seymour Cray, 1963 • A fast pipelined machine with 60-bit words • 128 Kword main memory capacity, 32 banks • Ten functional units (parallel, unpipelined) • Floating Point: adder, 2 multipliers, divider • Integer: adder, 2 incrementers, ... • Hardwired control (no microcoding) • Scoreboard for dynamic scheduling of instructions • Ten Peripheral Processors for Input/Output • a fast multi-threaded 12-bit integer ALU • Very fast clock, 10 MHz (FP add in 4 clocks) • >400,000 transistors, 750 sq. ft., 5 tons, 150 kW, novel freon-based technology for cooling • Fastest machine in world for 5 years (until 7600) • over 100 sold ($7-10M each) 2021/2/1 8 计算机体系结构
IBM Memo on cdc6600 Thomas Watson Jr, IBM CEO, August 1963 Last week Control data. announced the 6600 system /understand that in the laborator developing the system there are only 34 people including the janitor. of these, 14 are engineers and 4 are programmers. Contrasting this modest effort with our vast development activities, fail to understand why we have lost our industry leadership position by letting someone else offer the world's most powerful computer. To which Cray replied: "t seems like Mr Watson has answered his own question 2021/2/1 计算机体系结构
IBM Memo on CDC6600 Thomas Watson Jr., IBM CEO, August 1963: “Last week, Control Data ... announced the 6600 system. I understand that in the laboratory developing the system there are only 34 people including the janitor. Of these, 14 are engineers and 4 are programmers... Contrasting this modest effort with our vast development activities, I fail to understand why we have lost our industry leadership position by letting someone else offer the world's most powerful computer.” To which Cray replied: “It seems like Mr. Watson has answered his own question.” 2021/2/1 计算机体系结构 9
Supercomputer Applications 典型应用领域 军事研究领域(核武器硏制、密码学) 科学研究 ·天气预报 石油勘探 工业设计( car crash simulation) 生物信息学 密码学 ●均涉及大量的数据集处理 ●7080年代 Supercomputer= Vector machine 2021/2/1 计算机体系结构 10
Supercomputer Applications ⚫ 典型应用领域 • 军事研究领域（核武器研制、密码学） • 科学研究 • 天气预报 • 石油勘探 • 工业设计 (car crash simulation) • 生物信息学 • 密码学 ⚫均涉及大量的数据集处理 ⚫70-80年代Supercomputer = Vector Machine 2021/2/1 计算机体系结构 10
Alternative Model: Vector Processing 向量处理机具有更高层次的操作,一条向量指令 可以处理N个或N对操作数(处理对象是向量) SCALAR VECTOR (1 operation (N operations) vector length add r3, r1, r2 add. vV v3, v1, v2 2021/2/1 计算机体系结构 11
Alternative Model:Vector Processing • 向量处理机具有更高层次的操作，一条向量指令 可以处理N个或N对操作数（处理对象是向量） + r1 r2 r3 add r3, r1, r2 SCALAR (1 operation) v1 v2 v3 + vector length add.vv v3, v1, v2 VECTOR (N operations) 2021/2/1 计算机体系结构 11