《高级Web技术》参考资料：语义Web A Semantic Web Primer

TLFeBOOK 5.1 Monotonic rules dtd versus ruleMl 6.1 Querying across data sources at Elsevier 6.2 Semantic map of part of the EnerSearch Web site 6.3 Semantic distance between EnerSearch authors 6.4 Browsing ontologically organized papers in Spectacle 191 6.5 Top level of the process ontolo 198 7. 1 Semantic Web knowledge management architecture 215 TLFebooK

xiv List of Figures 5.1 Monotonic rules DTD versus RuleML 172 6.1 Querying across data sources at Elsevier 181 6.2 Semantic map of part of the EnerSearch Web site 189 6.3 Semantic distance between EnerSearch authors 190 6.4 Browsing ontologically organized papers in Spectacle 191 6.5 Top level of the process ontology 198 7.1 Semantic Web knowledge management architecture 215 TLFeBOOK TLFeBOOK

TLFeBooK Series foreword The traditional view of information systems as tailor-made, cost-intensive database applications is changing rapidly. The change is fueled partly by a maturing software industry, which is making greater use of off-the-shelf generic components and standard software solutions, and partly by the on slaught of the information revolution. In turn, this change has resulted in a new set of demands for information services that are homogeneous in their presentation and interaction patterns, open in their software architecture, and global in their scope. The demands have come mostly from applica- tion domains such as e-commerce and banking, manufacturing(including the software industry itself), training, education, and environmental man- agement, to mention just a few Future information systems will have to support smooth interaction with a large variety of independent multi-vendor data sources and legacy applica- tions, running on heterogeneous platforms and distributed information net- works. Metadata will play a crucial role in describing the contents of such data sources and in facilitating their integration As well, a greater variety of community-oriented interaction patterns will have to be supported by next-generation information systems. Such inter- actions may involve navigation, querying and retrieval, and will have to be combined with personalized notification, annotation, and profiling mecha- nisms. Such interactions will also have to be intelligently interfaced with application software, and will need to be dynamically integrated into cus- tomized and highly connected cooperative environments. Moreover, the massive investments in information resources, by governments and busi- nesses alike, call for specific measures that ensure security, privacy and ac All these are challenges for the next generation of information systems We call such systems Cooperative Information Systems, and they are the focus of this series TLFeBOOK

Series Foreword The traditional view of information systems as tailor-made, cost-intensive database applications is changing rapidly. The change is fueled partly by a maturing software industry, which is making greater use of off-the-shelf generic components and standard software solutions, and partly by the on￾slaught of the information revolution. In turn, this change has resulted in a new set of demands for information services that are homogeneous in their presentation and interaction patterns, open in their software architecture, and global in their scope. The demands have come mostly from applica￾tion domains such as e-commerce and banking, manufacturing (including the software industry itself), training, education, and environmental man￾agement, to mention just a few. Future information systems will have to support smooth interaction with a large variety of independent multi-vendor data sources and legacy applica￾tions, running on heterogeneous platforms and distributed information net￾works. Metadata will play a crucial role in describing the contents of such data sources and in facilitating their integration. As well, a greater variety of community-oriented interaction patterns will have to be supported by next-generation information systems. Such inter￾actions may involve navigation, querying and retrieval, and will have to be combined with personalized notification, annotation, and profiling mecha￾nisms. Such interactions will also have to be intelligently interfaced with application software, and will need to be dynamically integrated into cus￾tomized and highly connected cooperative environments. Moreover, the massive investments in information resources, by governments and busi￾nesses alike, call for specific measures that ensure security, privacy and ac￾curacy of their contents. All these are challenges for the next generation of information systems. We call such systems Cooperative Information Systems, and they are the focus of this series. TLFeBOOK TLFeBOOK

TLFeBOOK Series foreword In lay terms, cooperative information systems are servicing a diverse nix of demands characterized by content mands are originating in current trends for off-the-shelf software solutions, such as enterprise resource planning and e-commerce systems A major challenge in building cooperative information systems is to de- relop technologies that permit continuous enhancement and evolution of current massive investments in information resources and systems. Such technologies must offer an appropriate infrastructure that supports not only development, but also evolution of software. Early research results on cooperative information systems are becoming the core technology for community-oriented information portals or gate ways. An information gateway provides a"one-stop-shopping" place for a wide range of information resources and services, thereby creating a loyal user communit The research advances that will lead to cooperative information systems will not come from any single research area within the field of Information Technology. Database and knowledge-based systems, distributed systems, upware, and graphical user interfaces have all matured as technologies le further enhancements for individual technologies are desirable, the greatest leverage for technological advancement is expected to come from their evolution into a seamless technology for building and managing coop erative information systems The MIT Press Cooperative Information Systems series will cover this area through textbooks, and research editions intended for the researcher and the professional who wishes to remain up-to-date on current developments and future trends The series will include three types of books Textbooks or resource books intended for upper level undergraduate or graduate level courses Research monographs, which collect and summarize research results and development experiences over a number of years Edited volumes, including collections of papers on a particular topic Data in a data source are useful because they model some part of the real world, its subject matter(or application, or domain of discourse). The problem of data semantics is establishing and maintaining the correspondence between a data source, hereafter a model, and its intended subject matter. The model may be a database storing data about employees in a company, a database TLFeBOoK

xvi Series Foreword In lay terms, cooperative information systems are servicing a diverse mix of demands characterized by content—community—commerce. These de￾mands are originating in current trends for off-the-shelf software solutions, such as enterprise resource planning and e-commerce systems. A major challenge in building cooperative information systems is to de￾velop technologies that permit continuous enhancement and evolution of current massive investments in information resources and systems. Such technologies must offer an appropriate infrastructure that supports not only development, but also evolution of software. Early research results on cooperative information systems are becoming the core technology for community-oriented information portals or gate￾ways. An information gateway provides a “one-stop-shopping” place for a wide range of information resources and services, thereby creating a loyal user community. The research advances that will lead to cooperative information systems will not come from any single research area within the field of Information Technology. Database and knowledge-based systems, distributed systems, groupware, and graphical user interfaces have all matured as technologies. While further enhancements for individual technologies are desirable, the greatest leverage for technological advancement is expected to come from their evolution into a seamless technology for building and managing coop￾erative information systems. The MIT Press Cooperative Information Systems series will cover this area through textbooks, and research editions intended for the researcher and the professional who wishes to remain up-to-date on current developments and future trends. The series will include three types of books: • Textbooks or resource books intended for upper level undergraduate or graduate level courses; • Research monographs, which collect and summarize research results and development experiences over a number of years; • Edited volumes, including collections of papers on a particular topic. Data in a data source are useful because they model some part of the real world, its subject matter (or application, or domain of discourse). The problem of data semantics is establishing and maintaining the correspondence between a data source, hereafter a model, and its intended subject matter. The model may be a database storing data about employees in a company, a database TLFeBOOK TLFeBOOK

TLFeBOOK schema describing parts, projects and suppliers, a Web site presenting infor- mation about a university, or a plain text file describing the battle of Wa terloo. The problem has been with us since the development of the first databases. However, the problem remained under control as long as the op- erational environment of a database remained closed and relatively stable In such a setting, the meaning of the data was factored out from the database proper and entrusted to the small group of regular users and application The advent of the Web has changed all that. Databases today are made available, in some form, on the Web where users, application programs, and uses are open-ended and ever changing. In such a setting, the semantics of the data has to be made available along with the data. For human users, this is done through an appropriate choice of presentation format. For applica- tion programs, however, this semantics has to be provided in a formal and machine processable form. Hence the call for the Semantic Web. I Not surprisingly, this call by Tim Berners-Lee has received tremendous a tention by researchers and practitioners alike. There is now an International Semantic Web Conference series, a Web Semantic Journal published by Else- vier,as well as industrial committees that are looking at the first generation of standards for the Semantic Web The current book constitutes a timely publication, given the fast-moving nature of Semantic Web concepts, technologies, and standards. The book of fers a gentle introduction to Semantic Web concepts, including XMl, DTDs, and XML schemas, RDF and RDFS, OWL, Logic, and Inference. Throughout the book includes examples and applications to illustrate the use of concepts We are pleased to include this book on the Semantic Web in the series on Cooperative Information Systems. We hope that readers will find it interest- ing, insightful, and useful. John Mylopoulos Michael Papazoglou im@cs. toronto. edu MPPapazoglou@kub. nl Dept of Computer Science INFOLAB University of Toronto P.O. Box 90153 Toronto, Ontario LE Tilburg The Netherlands Tim Berners-Lee and Mark Fischetti, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor(San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1999) 2.<http://iswc.semanticweb.org> semanticwebjournal.org> TLFeBOoK

xvii schema describing parts, projects and suppliers, a Web site presenting infor￾mation about a university, or a plain text file describing the battle of Wa￾terloo. The problem has been with us since the development of the first databases. However, the problem remained under control as long as the op￾erational environment of a database remained closed and relatively stable. In such a setting, the meaning of the data was factored out from the database proper and entrusted to the small group of regular users and application programs. The advent of the Web has changed all that. Databases today are made available, in some form, on the Web where users, application programs, and uses are open-ended and ever changing. In such a setting, the semantics of the data has to be made available along with the data. For human users, this is done through an appropriate choice of presentation format. For applica￾tion programs, however, this semantics has to be provided in a formal and machine processable form. Hence the call for the Semantic Web.1 Not surprisingly, this call by Tim Berners-Lee has received tremendous at￾tention by researchers and practitioners alike. There is now an International Semantic Web Conference series,2 a Web Semantic Journal published by Else￾vier,3 as well as industrial committees that are looking at the first generation of standards for the Semantic Web. The current book constitutes a timely publication, given the fast-moving nature of Semantic Web concepts, technologies, and standards. The book of￾fers a gentle introduction to Semantic Web concepts, including XML, DTDs, and XML schemas, RDF and RDFS, OWL, Logic, and Inference. Throughout, the book includes examples and applications to illustrate the use of concepts. We are pleased to include this book on the Semantic Web in the series on Cooperative Information Systems. We hope that readers will find it interest￾ing, insightful, and useful. John Mylopoulos Michael Papazoglou jm@cs.toronto.edu M.P.Papazoglou@kub.nl Dept. of Computer Science INFOLAB University of Toronto P.O. Box 90153 Toronto, Ontario LE Tilburg Canada The Netherlands 1. Tim Berners-Lee and Mark Fischetti, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1999). 2. <http://iswc.semanticweb.org> 3. <http://www.semanticwebjournal.org> TLFeBOOK TLFeBOOK

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