Overview of Thermodynamics: what is ??y（能量）Thermodynamics>ScienceofEnergy-NamefromGreekwords:。Therme>heat →热thermodynamics热力学·Dynamis→power→动力- Thermodynamics is the science that primarily deals with energy- Thermodynamics is a subject that deals with energy,energytransfer,energytransformations,andrelationshipsamongthepropertiesofmatter.（研究能量、能量传递与转换、能量与物质性质之间关系）16
Overview of Thermodynamics: what is ?? • Thermodynamics→ Science of Energy（能量） – Name from Greek words: • Therme→heat →热 thermodynamics • Dynamis→power →动力 热力学 – Thermodynamics is the science that primarily deals with energy. – Thermodynamics is a subject that deals with energy, energy transfer，energy transformations, and relationships among the properties of matter. （研究能量、能量传递与转换、能量与物质 性质之间关系） 16
Overview：Laws of Thermodynamics（热力学定律Zerothlaw of thermodynamics（热力学第零定律）By Ralph. H.Fowler, 1931) :- if Ta=Tc and Tb=Tc: then Ta=Tb
• Zeroth law of thermodynamics (热力学第零定律) By Ralph. H. Fowler, 1931) : – if Ta=Tc and Tb=Tc; then Ta=Tb; 17 Overview: Laws of Thermodynamics (热力学定律)
Overview:LawsofThermodynamics（热力学定律）First law ofthermodynamics(热力学第一定律):anexpressionofconservationofenergyprinciple· Ein-Eout=△Esystem? for closed system:Q=△U+W热力学第一定律的解析式，是最基本的能量方程式0Q=dU+0W（微分形式）(Conservationofenergyprinciple:energycanneitherbecreated,norbedestroyed; it can change from one form to another, but the total amount of energyremainsconstant)热力学第一定律的建立宣告了第一类永动机（不消耗能量的永动机）是不可能实现的18
• First law of thermodynamics (热力学第一定律) ： an expression of conservation of energy principle • Ein-Eout=△Esystem • for closed system： Q=△U+W 热力学第一定律的解析式，是最基本的能量方程式 δQ=dU+δW （微分形式） (Conservation of energy principle: energy can neither be created, nor be destroyed; it can change from one form to another, but the total amount of energy remains constant) 18 Overview: Laws of Thermodynamics (热力学定律) 热力学第一定律的建立宣告了第一类永动机（不消耗能量的永动机）是不可能实现的
Overview：Laws ofThermodynamics（热力学定律）Second law ofthermodynamics6（热力学第二定律）-Kelvin-Planckstatement(开氏说法)：Itisimpossibleforanydevicethat operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoirandproduceanetamountofwork.（不可能制造出从单一热源吸热、使之全部转化为功而不留下任何其他变化的热力发动机）_ Clausius statement （克氏说法):：It is impossible to construct adevice that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other thanthe transfer of heat from a lower-temperature body to a higher-temperaturebody.（热不能自发地、不付代价地从低温物体传到高温物体）热力学第二定律则使制造第二类永动机（只从一个热源吸热的永动机）的梦想破灭19
• Second law of thermodynamics (热力学第二定律) – Kelvin-Planck statement(开氏说法): It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work. (不可能制造出从单一热源吸热 、使之全部转化为功而不留下任何其他变化的热力发动机) – Clausius statement (克氏说法): : It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower-temperature body to a highertemperature body. (热不能自发地、不付代价地从低温物体传到高 温物体) 19 Overview: Laws of Thermodynamics (热力学定律) 热力学第二定律则使制造第二类永动机（只从一个热源吸热的永动机）的梦想破灭
Overview:LawsofThermodynamics（热力学定律）Third law of thermodynamicsS（热力学第三定律）-Theentropyof apurecrystallinesubstanceatabsolutezerotemperatureiszero（在绝对零度，任何完美晶体的熵为零）（绝对零度不可能达到）theimpossibilityofreachingabsolutezerooftemperature20
• Third law of thermodynamics (热力学第三定律) – The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero（在绝对零度，任何完美晶体的熵为零)（绝对零度不可 能达到 ） . • the impossibility of reaching absolute zero of temperature 20 Overview: Laws of Thermodynamics (热力学定律)