Why do languages die out? official language policies:Occasionally by force- boarding school policy for American Indians from 1890s Sometimes disease(Tasmania),flood, earthquakes,AlDS in Africa Acceleration with rise of modern empires- French,English,Russian--and migration Socio-economic competition:Spread of an imperial language ---colonization,globalization
Why do languages die out? • official language policies: Occasionally by force – boarding school policy for American Indians from 1890s • Sometimes disease (Tasmania), flood, earthquakes, AIDS in Africa • Acceleration with rise of modern empires – French, English, Russian -- and migration • Socio-economic competition: Spread of an imperial language ---colonization, globalization
Many englishes New Englishes Older Englishes (English-based)Pidgins, Creoles and Decreolized varieties Africa North America Africa OKenyan English OAmerican English OWest African Pidgin ONigerian English OCanadian English Papua New Guinea South Asia Great Britain OTok Pisin OIndian English OEnglish English Sierra Leone OLankan English OScots OKrio OPakistani English Northern Ireland and the USA Southeast Asia Republic of Ireland OBlack English OFilipino English OIrish English Vernacular OMalaysian English Southern Indian and OHawaii English OSingpore English Pacific Oceans Creole Etc. OAustralian English Vanuatu ONew Zealand English OBislama Etc. Etc. Source:p.9,Kandiah,T.(1998)Why New Englishes?
Many englishes New Englishes Older Englishes (English-based) Pidgins, Creoles and Decreolized varieties Africa ¡Kenyan English ¡Nigerian English South Asia ¡Indian English ¡Lankan English ¡Pakistani English Southeast Asia ¡Filipino English ¡Malaysian English ¡Singpore English Etc. North America ¡American English ¡Canadian English Great Britain ¡English English ¡Scots Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland ¡Irish English Southern Indian and Pacific Oceans ¡Australian English ¡New Zealand English Etc. Africa ¡West African Pidgin Papua New Guinea ¡Tok Pisin Sierra Leone ¡Krio USA ¡Black English Vernacular ¡Hawaii English Creole Vanuatu ¡Bislama Etc. Source: p. 9, Kandiah, T. (1998) Why New Englishes?