Points of articulation ■1. bilabial( two lips) 2. labio-dental (top teeth/bottom lip) 3. dental (tongue tip/top teeth) 4. alveolar (tongue tip/tooth ridge) 5. post alveolar (tongue tip or mid/ hard palate) 6. palatal (tongue mid /hard palate) 7. velar (tongue back soft palate) 8. glottal
Points of articulation ◼ 1. bilabial (two lips) ◼ 2. labio-dental (top teeth/bottom lip) ◼ 3. dental (tongue tip/top teeth) ◼ 4. alveolar (tongue tip/tooth ridge) ◼ 5. post alveolar (tongue tip or mid/hard palate) ◼ 6. palatal (tongue mid/hard palate) ◼ 7. velar (tongue back/ soft palate) ◼ 8. glottal
Manners of articulation 1. Stops(or plosives) 2 Fricatives a3. Affricates 4 Nasals 5. Lateral 6. Approximants
Manners of articulation ◼ 1. Stops (or plosives) ◼ 2. Fricatives ◼ 3. Affricates ◼ 4. Nasals ◼ 5. Lateral ◼ 6. Approximants
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal velar Uvular PharyngealGlotal Plosive p b t d t d c于kg|qG Nasal n n J r Trill B r R ap or Flap R中βfve6sz∫3|sz| sjxylx k hfh Lateral fricative Approximant Lateral approximant L Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible