SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ENGLIAH FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING This excerpt gives a brief account what a manipulator is. If we chart the reasoning of the writer, we get a diagram like this GI roup Robots Subdivision Manipulators Components Joints and Actuators Whenever we make a definition, we go through the same process as the writer trying to tell what a manipulator is. We locate the to-be-defined as a species in relation to a group that includes several different species and then try to say what quality or qualities distinguish the to-be-defined from the other species in the group. The above example tells us that a manipulator is a subdivision of the structure of a robot. This attempt to define a manipulator is the pattern of all definitions of the classic type nd can serve most of our purposes被定义
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ENGLISH FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING This excerpt gives a brief account what a manipulator is. If we chart the reasoning of the writer, we get a diagram like this, Group Robots Subdivision Manipulators Components Joints and Actuators Whenever we make a definition, we go through the same process as the writer trying to tell what a manipulator is. We locate the to-be-defined as a species in relation to a group that includes several different species and then try to say what quality or qualities distinguish the to-be-defined from the other species in the group. The above example tells us that a manipulator is a subdivision of the structure of a robot. This attempt to define a manipulator is the pattern of all definitions of the classic type and can serve most of our purposes. 被定义
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ENGLIAH FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING When defining a word we cannot define it by repeating the word itself in the definition. If we define the word"manipulator by saying that it means a mechanical component that manipulates, we have committed this error. The real question What is a manipulator? is left unanswered. The pretended definition does not enlarge anybody's knowledge, it merely repeats the term to be defined: manipulators manipulate It is also possible to make the error of circular definition without repeating a word, but merely by repeating an idea, as.The causes of war are the several factors that result in armed conflict
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ENGLISH FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING When defining a word we cannot define it by repeating the word itself in the definition. If we define the word "manipulator" by saying that it means a mechanical component that manipulates, we have committed this error. The real question: “What is a manipulator?” is left unanswered. The pretended definition does not enlarge anybody's knowledge, it merely repeats the term to be defined: manipulators manipulate. It is also possible to make the error of circular definition without repeating a word, but merely by repeating an idea, as, “The causes of war are the several factors that result in armed conflict
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ENGLIAH FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Thus far we have been dealing with relatively brief definitions of the kind that commonly appear in expository writing. We might, for instance, begin a discussion of drag racing by defining the term for the uninformed reader. Sometimes. however drag racing拉力赛 particularly when we are thinking seriously about a complicated concept, such as democracy, we use a definition as the basis for an entire essay, that is, we write what may be called an extended definition
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ENGLISH FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Thus far we have been dealing with relatively brief definitions of the kind that commonly appear in expository writing. We might, for instance, begin a discussion of drag racing by defining the term for the uninformed reader. Sometimes, however, particularly when we are thinking seriously about a complicated concept, such as democracy, we use a definition as the basis for an entire essay, that is, we write what may be called an extended definition. drag racing 拉力赛
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ENGLIAH FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING The basic problem with a word such as democracy is that no commonly available short definition is sufficient to give us an understanding of the full implications of the word. For suck understanding we should have to go into the history lying behind he word and into the complex systems of ideas invol ved in it. For instance, as a basis for understanding the term democracy,we might find oursel ves not only referring to the origin of the word in Ancient Greek, but also using the history of Athens, even including the development of techniques and crafts that preceded the rise of popular government. Or we might find ourselves using the beginnings of christianity with its idea of the worth of the individual human soul, in relation to the democratic impulses in subsequent history. Contrasts and comparisons may be useful. We would have to feel our way along, trying out different ideas to see where they lead us, discarding some and trying again. We can use whatever will help us, including other forms of exposition or other modes of discourse-description, narration, or argument
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ENGLISH FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING The basic problem with a word such as democracy is that no commonly available short definition is sufficient to give us an understanding of the full implications of the word. For suck understanding we should have to go into the history lying behind the word and into the complex systems of ideas involved in it. For instance, as a basis for understanding the term democracy, we might find ourselves not only referring to the origin of the word in Ancient Greek, but also using the history of Athens, even including the development of techniques and crafts that preceded the rise of popular government. Or we might find ourselves using the beginnings of Christianity, with its idea of the worth of the individual human soul, in relation to the democratic impulses in subsequent history. Contrasts and comparisons may be useful. We would have to feel our way along, trying out different ideas to see where they lead us, discarding some and trying again. We can use whatever will help us, including other forms of exposition or other modes of discourse-description, narration, or argument