消化性溃疡的临床用药 病因 消化性溃疡（peptic ulcer）的发病与粘 膜局部损伤和保护机制之间的平衡失调有 关。损伤因素（胃酸、胃蛋白酶和幽门螺旋 菌）增强或保护因素（粘液/HCO3 -屏障和粘 膜修复）减弱，均可引起消化性溃疡。当今 的治疗主要着眼于减少胃酸和增强胃粘膜的 保护作用

糖尿病（diabetes mellitus，DM） 由多种病因引起的以慢性高血糖为特征的代谢紊乱症 群。 由于胰岛素分泌或/和作用缺陷导致糖代谢紊乱，以 及蛋白质和脂肪代谢异常。 久病者可引起多系统损害，如眼、肾、神经、血管等 慢性进行性病变。 严重时可出现急性代谢紊乱，如糖尿病酮症酸中毒、 高渗性昏迷等

咳、痰、喘、炎是呼吸系统疾病的共同症 状，不仅给病人带来痛苦甚至危及生命。 治疗呼吸系统疾病的常用药物有平喘药、 镇咳药、祛痰药、呼吸兴奋药和抗感染药

Medical Genetics What is a population from a genetic perspective? A population in the genetic sense, is not just a group of individuals, but a breeding group

Medical Genetics The normal 46 chromosomes in our body are contained in the center of the cell, which is called the nucleus. Mitochondria are structures in the cell located outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm, that also contain genes that are separate from the ones in the nucleus

Medical Genetics Multifactorial inheritance is responsible for the greatest number of individuals that will need special care or hospitalization because of genetic diseases

Some disorders result when a mutation causes the product of a single gene to be altered or missing. These disorders are inherited in simple patterns similar to or identical with those described by Mendel for certain discrete characteristics in garden peas. Therefore, it’s also called Mendelian diseases

1.Genes can be mutated in many ways The most common gene change involves a single base mismatch--a misspelling--placing the wrong base in the DNA. At other times, a single base may be dropped or added. And sometimes large pieces of DNA are mistakenly repeated or deleted

Medical Genetics Gene Mutation Change in genes caused by change in structure of the DNA

Medical Genetics Genes are entities that parents pass to offspring during reproduction