Introduction The consumption-based model as a complete answer to most asset pricing question in principle, does not work well in practice; This observation motivates effects to tie the discount factor m to other data; Linear factor pricing models are most popular models of this sort in finance; They dominate discrete-time empirical work

Consumption-Based Model and Basic Pricing model Basic question to decide for an investor: (1) how much to save; (2)how much to consume; (3)what portfolio of assets to hold. Pricing equation come from the first order condition for this decision

Outline MM ean-variance analysis; ean-variance analysis and utility maximization; Does high moment matter?

Discussion Points How to measure returns? How to choose benchmark? How to adjust for risk? Performance attribution. Active return and risk

Introduction Overview of investment styles; Empirical evidence on returns of small capitalization firms and value stocks; How to identify investment styles of a mutual fund Characteristic-based style analysis Return-based style analysis Style benchmarks

Stock market index Stock market index is an indicator that is designed to reflect the performance of an entire market or a particular market segment. Indexes have many uses in investments: --allow us to quickly and easily assess market performance; --Serve as underlying securities for futures and options contracts;

INVESTMENTS Fourth Edition Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMHD Do security prices reflect information Why look at market efficiency Implications for business and corporate finance Implications for investment

Arbitrage Pricing Theory Arbitrage-arises if an investor can construct a zero investment portfolio with a sure profit Since no investment is required, an investor can create large positions to secure large levels of profit

Fourth Edition Advantages of the Single Index Model Reduces the number of inputs for diversification. Portfolio of 50 assets 50 expected returns;50 variances 1225 covariance. too difficult a task

INVESTMENTS Individhual assets and frontier portfolio So far we have learned: 1. Investor hold portfolios to reduce risk. \Non-systematic risks\ of individual assets does not matter. only \systematic risks\matter. 2. Investors hold only frontier portfolios. The natural questions to ask next are: