Motional pathway of embolus: Embolus from left heart cavity or arterial system Embolus from right heart cavity or venous system Embolus from portal veins Paradoxical embolism Retrograde ethrombus

Arterial hyperemia Inflammatory Collateral Post-ischemic

CELLULAR ADAPTATION Excessive physiologic stresses. Some pathologic stimuli. A new, but altered state preserving the viability of the cell

Autopsy Biopsy Cytology Experimental studies In vitro: Tissue culture Organ culture Cell culture In vivo: Experimental animals Nude mice

Definition of pathology Pathology is to study diseases by scientific methods. Disease may be defined as an abnormal alteration of structure or function in any part of the body

Common type of necrosis after exogenous stimuli. Swelling, denaturation and coagulation of proteins Breakdown of cellular organelles Cell rupture

FATTY CHANGE Excessive entry of free fatty acids into the liver (starvation, corticosteroid therapy). Enhanced fatty acid synthesis. Decreased fatty acid oxidation. Increased esterification of fatty acid to triglycerides (alcohol). Decreased apoprotein synthesis (CCl). Impaired lipoprotein secretion from the liver (alcohol)

一、病因和发病机制 阑尾腔阻塞:粪石、异物、寄生虫、痉挛等引起,导致分泌物潴留和血管受压、阻塞、缺血,粘膜损伤脱落甚至管壁坏死

北京大学：《病理学》课程PPT教学课件（讲稿）第五讲 胆道炎、胰腺炎

各种原因引起的肝细胞弥漫性变性坏 死,肝细胞结节状再生和纤维组织增生, 三种病变反复交错进行,导致肝小叶结构 和血液循环途径改建,使肝脏变形、变硬 而形成肝硬变