Market Efficiency-Market Failure Recall that: Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” of the marketplace leads self-interested buyers and sellers in a market to maximize the total benefit that society can derive from a market

The Cost of Taxation How do taxes affect the economic well￾being of market participants? It does not matter whether a tax on a goodis levied on buyers or sellers of the good… the price paid by buyers rises, and theprice received by sellers falls

Revisiting the Market Equilibrium Do the equilibrium price and quantity maximize the total welfare of buyers and sellers? Market equilibrium reflects the way markets allocate scarce resources. Whether the market allocation is desirable is determined by welfare economics

Importance of Supply-Demand Analysis A little knowledge goes a long way: Price Control, Taxation and other policies. Market welfare: Normative Analysis International Trade Externality (Market Failure) Market Power (Market Failure) Other markets: Financial Market, Labor Market. Macroeconomics

Elasticity… … is a measure of how much buyers and sellers respond to changes in market conditions … allows us to analyze supply and demand with greater precision

The Market Forces of Supply and Demand Supply and Demand are the two wordsthat economists use most often. Supply and Demand are the forces thatmake market economies work. Modern microeconomics is about supply,demand and equilibrium

Interdependence and Trade Consider your typical day: – You wake up to a alarm clock made in Wenzhou – You put on some clothes made of cotton grown in Xinjiang and sewn in factories in Fujian Province

Outline The Economist as Scientist The Economist as Policy Adviser Why Economists disagree

Outline The economics of asymmetric information Political economics Behavioral economics

The Theory of Consumer Choice The theory of consumer choice addresses the following questions: – Do all demand curves slope downward? – How do wages affect labor supply? – How do interest rates affect household saving?